The Effects of Teacher Expectations on Students...

The purpose of this literature review is to examine how teacher expectations have effects on students’ motivation and performance and, if so, how teachers can become better aware of their effects on students and how to improve them. Whether a teacher has high expectations or low expectations for a student, those expectations will influence that student’s experience in school in many ways (Rubie-Davies, 2008). Teacher expectations include the biases and preconceived notions teachers hold on their students which are based upon many factors including student behavior, self-esteem, performance (observed by teachers and student records) and motivation (Woolfolk, 2012). The present researcher found that the issue at hand lies with the lack of research on teacher awareness; a teacher’s lack of awareness for his/her biases can negatively influence his/her students’ performances and experiences in school. When a teacher is unaware of his or her biases, a teacher is unable to ameliorate the situation. Student performance will be defined as academic achievement and effort in school. When referring to student behavior such will be defined as the actions students perform during the day while at school which may include the way the students interact socially. The motivation of a student refers to the process which instigates goal-oriented behavior which we can study through observing students’ effort in academics (Woolfolk, 2012). All of these factors are important as they influence aShow MoreRelatedTeacher Expectations And Student s Motivation1313 Words   |  6 Pagesresponses given by the teachers. 10 teachers were selected from two schools and participated in the interviews were taken place. When asked the teacher’s what the outcome of their expectations are on the student’s motivation, five of the teachers responded by saying that they think that high expectations are important, because they thought that it will incre ase and have a bigger impact on the students. Three of the teachers responded in saying that teachers should not have expectations that are too highRead MoreEssay on Motivational Plan1257 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: MOTIVATIONAL PLAN Motivational Plan Essay Douglas C. Soles Grand Canyon University: EDA 575 January 12, 2011 There are five basic theories of motivation. 1) Self-determination theory states that people have three basic needs. 2) Attribution theory wants to know why things happen. 3) Expectancy-value theory is interested in a person’s beliefs about abilities. 4) Social cognitive theory states that human behavior comes from their attributes. 5) Goal orientation theoryRead MoreThe Sense Of Belonging And Interpersonal Connectivity1222 Words   |  5 PagesLeary, 1995, p. 497). The sense of belonging has a lasting effect on one’s personality in respect with emotions and other cognitive processes (Baumeister Leary, 1995). When the sense of belonging is at its lowest, students are prone to being engulfed by solitary thoughts, feel lonely and lose interest in many social interaction opportunities (Goodenow, 1993). This in turn is attributed to dwindling academic performance, as the students don’t feel accepted and motivated within the social parametersRead MoreIntellige nce: Nature or Nurture?1360 Words   |  6 Pagestheir maximum mental ability. This suggests that intelligence cannot be changed or strengthened. The concept of ‘general intelligence’ suggests that an individual has an underlying intelligence, in which their performance in one type of cognitive task is often similar to their performance in another (Boundless 2013). Spearman demonstrated this through the correlations between tests, where individuals who performed well in one test, often performed well in others. This led Spearman to the conclusionRead More What Causes Teenagers to Lose Motivation in School? Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Causes Teenagers to Lose Motivation in School? missing works cited Some reasons for high school student academic failure, which range from drug use to individual student insecurity, can be plainly traced to the nature of adolescence. Social acceptance and a desire to belong to a crowd are placed above academics in the minds of teens. When academic underachievement is the norm, devoted students may come under ridicule as being nerds or teachers pets. There is a difficulty, thereforeRead MorePsychology And The Classroom Environment973 Words   |  4 Pagesbetter students when thinking and learning, and to be motivated at a greater extent. As a teacher, when teaching in a classroom you can help students improve in a variety of ways such as helping students practice, give good feedback, setting expectations, etc. One of the ways to help with a student’s cognition is by informing them about how intelligence and success have a correlation. And that both can be improved; you should always be thinking ahead and stay open-minded about things. Students needRead MoreDo Expectations Affect Student Learning1235 Words   |  5 PagesDo Expectations Affect Student Achievement? Tashina Linder Cape Fear Community College Abstract This paper provides an overview of the effects of expectations on student achievement. It begins with a brief introduction covering Jacobson and Rosenthal’s Pygmalion Effect. Then, it introduces expectations from three sources – teachers, parents, and students. The paper discusses how high or low expectations from teachers affect student learning, noting the differences in outcomes for each. Read MoreWhy Students Should Not Be Politicized Classrooms Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesfor this phenomenon is a lack of motivation on the part of the students, and while motivation is not synonymous with performance, it can be a relatively accurate predictor of academic achievements (Maclellan, 2008). This lack of motivation that seems to be plaguing classrooms is a serious issue that must be addressed by all educators, because an unmotivated student is being robbed of their chance to better themselves. There are a myriad of reasons why a student may become unmotivated in their studies—butRead More Uses and Consequences of the Self Fulfilling Prophecy Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesto many teachers today. Learning to properly use this idea will ultimately result in higher student scores directly, and on a higher level, will cause students to model the expectations of the teacher and expect much of themselves. This will set students up for highly successful autonomous learning. However, ignorance or improper use of the SFP does not stimulate learning, but may inhibit accomplishment. Teachers must strive to achieve a better understanding of this â€Å"Pygmalion Effect† to createRead MoreFactors Affecting The Academic Success Of Students796 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Student success is imperative on a national level, all the down to individual families. Parents have often wondered if their education level will affect the academic outcomes of their children. Data from the National Center for Educational Statistics stated, â€Å"the education level of a parent does affect a child’s achievement. Children whose mothers’ have at least a bachelor’s degree tend to participate in more early education experiences† (Centers for Public Education, 2011). As

Edmund Booth Deaf Pioneer Essay - 1064 Words

Edmund Booth: Deaf Pioneer Edmund Booth was born on a farm near Springfield, Massachusetts in 1810. Some of the hats he wore during his lifetime were farmer, teacher, activist for the deaf, pioneer settler, 49er, journalist, and politician. The consistent theme in Booths life, one to which he always returned, was his commitment to the deaf: working for the rights of all deaf people in this country, including education of deaf children. Booths interest in deaf issues was very personal since he himself had lost all of his hearing by the time he was eight years old, he was struck down during an outbreak of spotted fever (cerebrospinal meningitis). After he recovered, he discovered he was partially deaf†¦show more content†¦At age 29, he wanted a more active life and to earn more money. To reach Iowa, it was necessary to travel by railroad, stagecoach, canal, and lake steamer. He reached eastern Iowa and settled at Anamosa, a wilderness with a few widely scattered log cabins ... Outnumbering the small population were Indians, deer, wolves, rattlesnakes, etc. It was truly the frontier. Booth worked at whatever came his way and seemed to make a fair living. He built mills, dams, and houses. He also tried farming with apparent success. The rest of the Booth family soon joined him, and Edmund helped build the first comfortable house, frame-style in Jones County. Booth married Mary Ann Walworth in 1840. She had been his student at Hartford and was already living in Iowa with her family when Booth arrived. It seems that his desire to see her again was one of the reasons for his immigration. Booths career as politician included three terms as Recorder of Deeds in Jones County and a year as Enrollment Clerk to the Iowa House of Representatives. Iowa became a state in 1848. Booth convinced the state legislature to send its deaf children to the Illinois School for the Deaf. He was a driving force behind the founding of the Iowa School for the Deaf at Council Bluffs (1855). Gold was discovered in California in 1848. The next year Booth left Mary Ann and their three children to travel to the gold fields.Show MoreRelatedEdmund Booth 1168 Words   |  5 PagesEdmund Booth was an extraordinary man, especially considering the difficult pioneer era he lived in. He was born in Chicopee, Massachusetts on August 24, 1810. On March 8th, 1815, at the age of four, Edmund contracted meningitis, and was not expected to survive this horrible disease. After being very ill for three months, to the surprise of many, Edmund survived. Unfortunately, the meningitis cost him his hearing (slight hearing left in one ear), and the sight in one eye. By age eight, his remainingRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pages..............................23 4 ..............................................................................................................................................................................24 Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers ................................................................................ ..............................25 Elizabeth Gurney Fry ...............................................................................................................

Directory of Clinical Research Companies in India free essay sample

Directory of Clinical Research Companies In India December 2005 4th 5th Floors, Astral Heights, Road No. 1, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500034, India Tel: +91-40-23430203-07, Fax: +91-40-23430208, E-mail: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cygnusindia. com Disclaimer: All information contained in this report has been obtained from sources believed to be accurate by Cygnus Business Consulting Research (Cygnus). While reasonable care has been taken in its preparation, Cygnus makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of any such information. The information contained herein may be changed without notice. All information should be considered solely as statements of opinion and Cygnus will not be liable for any loss incurred by users from any use of the publication or contents. Directory of Clinical Research Companies in India Preface India is fast emerging as a favoured destination for clinical trials by global pharmaceutical and biotech companies that are looking for partnerships or setting up new operations. We will write a custom essay sample on Directory of Clinical Research Companies in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Two major reasons for its popularity are: easy access and availability of a large, diverse and therapy-naive population with vast gene pool and lower cost of technical services resulting into lower per patient trial cost. India also has the advantage of having a large pool of highly trained physicians, nurses, and technical personnel; numerous world-class medical facilities; broadly developed information technology infrastructure; a favourable IPR environment (post signing the WTO agreement) and use of English as the primary business and medical language. The total value of clinical research performed in India in 2004-05 was about US$100 million. The major companies involved in Clinical research in India have a wide range of services to offer. Thus, the industry needs to know the companies operating in this field. The directory of ‘Clinical Research Companies in India’ is the answer to it and has been prepared as a ready-reckoner for use by the industry globally – pharma and biotech companies, contract research companies, funding organisations and others. It has been compiled, considering the companies involved in clinical research and support services. As it is an emerging market and also as most of the companies may not be listed on stock exchangers, the list may not be comprehensive. The directory covers 61 companies and each profile includes details like description of the company, name of Director/CEO, areas of operation, clinical trial expertise, contact details and other information. The details have been obtained from published sources like the respective websites of the companies as of November 2005. All the companies are listed in alphabetical order. Â © Cygnus Business Consulting Research 2005 2 Directory of Clinical Research Companies in India List of Companies 1. Accutest Research Laboratories (I) Pvt. Ltd. 5 2. Ace Biomed Pvt. Ltd. 7 3. Actimus Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. 9 4. Apothecaries Ltd. .. 1 5. Asian Clinical Trials Limited.. 12 6. Aurigene Discovery Technologies. 14 7. Avra Laboratories.. 15 8. Bharat Biotech International Ltd. .. 16 9. BioArc Research Solutions 19 10. Bioserve Clinical Research Pvt. Ltd.. 21 11. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited .. 23 12. Chembiotek Research International . 25 13. Clinigene .. 7 14. Clininvent Research Pvt. Ltd. 29 15. ClinTec International.. 31 16. Clintrac International.. 33 17. D O CRO.. 5 18. Dr Reddys Laboratories Limited 36 19. Eli Lilly and Company (India) Pvt. Ltd.. 38 20. GlaxoSmithKline 40 21. GVK Biosciences Pvt Ltd 42 22. GATE Clinical Research International . 44 23. Intas Pharmaceuticals . 46 24. INTOX Private 48 25. Jubilant Clinsys 50 26. Johnson Johnson, India .. 51 27. Kendle India.. 53 28. Lambda Therapeutic Research Ltd 55 29. Lotus Labs Pvt. Ltd. 57 30. Lupin Limited .. 59 31. Magene Life Sciences.. 61 32. Manipal Acunova .. 63 33. Matrix Laboratories Ltd. .. 65 34. Metropolis Clinical Laboratories. 66 35. Merck Limited.. 68 36. Novartis 70 37. Novo Nordisk India Private Ltd. 71 38. Ocimum Biosolutions. 73 39. Omnicare Clinical Research 75 40. Panacea Biotech.. 76 41. Pfizer Limited .. 78 42. Pharma-Olam International 80 43. Pharmanet .. 81 44. PPD Pharmaceutical Development India. 83 45. Quintiles Research (India) Private Limited . 85 Â © Cygnus Business Consulting Research 2005 3 Directory of Clinical Research Companies in India 46. Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited . 87 47. Reliance Clinical Research Services .. 89 48. Reametrix India .. 90 49. Roche India Ltd.. 92 50. Sanofi-Aventis (Aventis Pharma Limited) 94 51. Sipra Labs Pvt Ltd. 96 52. Siro Clinpharm Pvt Ltd. 98 53. Sristek.. 100 54. SRL Ranbaxy.

Relationship Between Government Policies And Investment Market Essay Example

Relationship Between Government Policies And Investment Market Essay Acknowledgements We would like to thank the all people who assisted us in the preparation of this report especially to our lecturer Puan Noor Aishah Mohamad Hamdan. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION According to Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA), government policies that maintain a business environment with opportunities for growth and profits have made Malaysia an attractive manufacturing and export base in the region. The private sector in Malaysia has become partners with the public sector in achieving the nations development objectives. Over the decades, the Government of Malaysia has effectively used the fiscal policy through tax measures and allocation of operating and development expenditures to attained a broad range of macroeconomic objectives such as growth equity, macroeconomic stability, reform restructuring such as tax incentives to facilitate reform and structuring of economy, sectored and regional development such as tax incentives and expenditure directed experienced difficulties in balancing its budget. Therefore in this recent year, Malaysia has becoming run deficit budgets. The slow growth or decline of several sources of revenue has given pause for reflection on the approach to fiscal anagement. The key to fiscal flexibility is to ensure that the mandatory spending and the size the government is not too large, the fiscal deficit is not structural and public debt level not excessively high. 1. 1 Backgrounds Construction Economics Ill is aimed to provide an in-depth study of development economics including investment market and property development, preparation of feasibility studies, financing and risk and uncertainty of development works and the influence of government policies on such works. . 2 Purpose The purpose of this report is to study and understand the relationship between overnment policies and investment market, to investigate the effects of government policies to investment market and to forecast possible changes of investors decision in property market. It is hoped that with more discussion in this report, it will increase the level of und erstanding about property investment market. 1. 3 Scope The study for this report focused on the impact of the increase of the oil price in Malaysia on 2nd September 2013 towards property investment market. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Government Policies And Investment Market specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Government Policies And Investment Market specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Government Policies And Investment Market specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The policies related to government expenditure and their effects to investment market in general will be discussed. Besides, the importance of these policies in relation to investment market and their influences on investors decision especially in property investment will be included. 1. 4 Methodology The data from various sources will analyse. The budget 2014 will be main sources to analyse new policy. On 2nd September 2013, Prime Minister Datuk Seri NaJib Tun Razak announced the Governments decision to increase the price of RON95 and diesel by 20 sen to RM2. 0 and RM2 per litre, respectively, effective on 3rd September 2013, as one of its measures to rationalise subsidies. It expects to save RMI . 1 bil this year from September to December and RM3. bil per year in subsidy bills from the exercise, helping to tame the fiscal deficit. The Government has targeted to reduce budget deficit to 4% this year, 3. 5% in 2014 and 3% by 2015. This report will analyse the effect of government po licy including reducing in fuel subsidy towards investment market especially property. 3. 0 FINDINGS 3. 1 INTRODUCTION OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES 3. 1. Fiscal policy Fiscal policy is the governments steps to change the government spending and structure of taxation to influence the level of aggregate spending in the economy. Fiscal policies seeks to reach full employment level and to control inflation. There are three major ways in which fiscal policy affects aggregate demand: Business Tax Policy Business taxes can change the profitability of businesses and the amount of business investment. Lowering business taxes will increase aggregate demand and business investment spending. Government Spending Government can directly increase aggregate demand by increasing its spending. Tax Policy for Individuals Lowering taxes will increase disposable personal income and increase consumption spending. Fiscal policy should be used to increase aggregate demand when an economy is operating at below full-employment levels. If aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply and output is at full-employment levels, fiscal policy should be used 2013 continues to focus on sustaining the growth momentum of the domestic economy in the near term and facilitating the long-terms transformation of the economy, while ensuring the sustainability of public finances. The Federal Government fiscal deficit is expected to reduce from 4% of GDP in 2013 to 3% in 201 5 and balanced budget on 2020. To ensure the efficient use of fiscal resources, the 2013 Budget continues to focus on enhancing the productive capacity of the domestic economy. Besides, subsidies have been restructured and only low income earner will get it. Therefore, the low income group who is most affected due to rising oil prices, government will give financial assistance through BRI M. 3. 1. Monetary Policy Monetary policy is government policy carried out by the Central Bank to control money supply and interest rates to affect the level of aggregate expenditure to reach level of full employment and controlling inflation. During the inflation problem, government will transact contractionary policy. It is a macroeconomic tool use by the central bank to slow down an economy. Contractionary policies are enacted by a government to reduce the money supply and maximise the spending in a cou ntry. This is done primarily through: 1. Increasing interest rates 2. Increasing reserve requirements 3. Reducing the money supply, directly or indirectly This tool is used during high-growth periods of the business cycle, but does not have an immediate effect. During deflation problem, the government will implement expansionary policies that is increase the government spending and reduce tax rate to increase aggregate spending to combat unemployment. According to Bank Negara Malaysia, monetary policy in 2013 focus on addressing potential risks to inflation and growth. During the 2013, private investment is likely to remain firm, led by continued capital spending in the domestic-oriented sectors, the ongoing implementation of infrastructure projects, and a gradual improvement in external demand. 3. 1. 3 Other regulatory policies 3. 1. 3. 1 sales Tax In general, the sales tax rate is a tax charged to consumers based on the purchase price of certain goods and services, applied to sales of locally manufactured taxable goods as well as to taxable goods imported for domestic consumption. It is imposed by the government at the point of sale on retail goods and services. Collected by the retailer and passed on to the state. It is based on a percentage of the selling prices of the goods and services and set by the state. All taxable goods manufactured in, or imported into, Malaysia are subject to sales tax, unless they are specifically exempted Labuan, Langkawi, Tioman, the (Inter-Country) Joint Development Area, free zones, licensed warehouses or licensed manufacturing warehouses. The rates of sales tax are 5% and 10%. The 10% rate applies to most taxable goods. The reduced rate of 5% pplies to certain nonessential goods which include, among others, foodstuffs and building materials. Specific rates are imposed on certain petroleum products. 3. 1. 3. 2 Service Tax. Service tax is a single-stage tax applied to specified taxable services. Services that are not included in the prescribed list are not taxable. Nine major groupings of taxable services are currently included in the prescribed list. Taxable services include, but are not limited to, telecommunication services, employment services, consultancy services, management services, legal services, accounting services, advertising ervices, engineering services, surveying services, architectural services, insurance services and car hire services. Service tax does not apply in Labuan, Langkawi, Tioman, the (Inter-Country) Joint Development Area and free zones. Service tax is imposed at a rate of 6% on the price, charge or premium for the taxable service. Accounting, engineering, legal, architectural, surveying, management and consultancy services provided by one company to another company within the same commercial group are not subject to service tax if certain conditions are satisfied. 3. 1. 3. 3 Goods and service Tax (6ST) Malaysia plans to carry out a major indirect tax reform. It is proposed that a new Goods and Services Tax (6ST) system replace the current sales tax and service tax system. It appears that the new Malaysian GST will operate similarly to other value- added tax (VAT) and GST systems around the world. It is proposed that the standard GST rate will be 6% and that a zero rate will apply to exports and some goods, such as basic foodstuffs. GST exempt status is expected to apply to most financial services, including Islamic financial products, life insurance and investment linked insurance, he lease, rental or sale of residential real estate, mass domestic public education services and health services. As a result, no output tax will apply and correspondingly, no entitlement to input tax will exist. The Malaysia government announced the date of implementation of the GST is on 1 April 2015. . 1. 3. 4 Real property Gams Tax (RPGT) Real Property Gains Tax (RPGT) is a tax levied by the Inland Revenue Board (IRB) on chargeable gains derived from the disposal of real property. RPGT is introduced to provide imposition, assessment and collection of tax on gain deriving from the disposal of real property. The tax is levied on the gains made from the difference between the disposal price and ac quisition price. This tax is provided in the Real Property Gains Tax Act 1976 replaced the Land Speculation Tax Act 1974. Real property being disposed is knows as chargeable asset. Chargeable asset may vary into two, the real property and Real Property Company. Real property is defined as any land in Malaysia and any option, interest or other right over that piece of land. Example land, houses such as bungalow, apartment, condominiums, etc. A real property company (RPC) is a controlled company which owns real property or shares r both whereby the defined value of real property or shares or both owned is at least 75% of the value of the companies total tangible assets. RPGT Rates Companies Individual (Citezen / PR) Individual (Non Citizen) For disposals within 3 years For disposals in the 4rd years For disposal after 5th yeard For disposals after 6th year 5% Table 1 : Rate of RGPT During the tabling of the Budget 2014, the real property gain tax (RPGT) is 30% for any property held and disposed within 3 years. For properties held and disposed in the 4 years and 5 years, the property tax is 20% and 15% each, while properties held nd disposed after 6 years are not subject to any real property gain tax. The Star 2013) For non-citizens, NaJib said RPGT would imposed at 30% on the gains from properties disposed within the holding period of up to five years, and disposals in the sixth and subsequent years, RPGT is imposed at 5%. 3. 1. 3. 5 Affordable Housing KUALA LUMPUR: The Government allocated RMI . 9bil this year to build 123,000 affordable homes in strategic locations throughout the country by 1 Malaysia Peoples Housing (PRI MA), Syarikat Perumahan Negara Berhad (SPNB) and the National Housing Department. The Finance Ministry, in its Economic Report 2013/2014 released Friday, said RM500mil was allocated to PRI MA to build 50,000 homes in prime locations across the country and another RM300mil to build 30,000 homes in collaboration with private developers. A total of 320,000 people will own their own homes under the affordable housing programme, when the homes costing between RMIOO,OOO and RM400,OOO per unit are expected to be completed in 2016. PRI MA homes, which are generally 20% cheaper than the current market price, are sold through an open balloting system and are expected to be ready in three years. For ow-income earners, the government has allocated RM320mil to SPNB to build 22,855 housing projects, to be completed in 2015. Meanwhile, the Government also allocated RM543mil to the National Housing Department to construct 20,454 unit of Peoples Housing Programme (PPR) units using the Industrialised Building System sources : The star 25/10/2013 During the tabling of the Budget 2014, Prime Minister announce that RM 1. 9 billion will be fund to build 123,000 affordable homes throughout PRI MA, SPNB and Naional Housing Department. Allocation are as follow: PRI MA RM 500 million to build 50,000 homes in prime locations RM 300 million to build 30, 000 homes via private developers SPNB RM320 million to build 1,855 medium-cost apartment units and 10, 000 units of public housing projects for low-income earners. National Housing Department RM 543 million to construct 20,454 unit of Peoples Housing Programme (PPR) units using the Industrialised Building System. 3. 1. 3. 6 Skim Rumah Pertamaku (SRP) My First Home Scheme was first announced in the 2011 Budget by the Malaysian Government to assist young adults who have Just Joined the workforce to own their first home. The Scheme allows young adults to obtain 100% financing from financial nstitutions, enabling them to own their 1st home without the need to pay a 10% downpayment. In 2013 Budget, it was announced that the gross income limit was increased from RM3,OOO to RM5,OOO per month and certain qualifying criteria were abolished with effect from 1st January 2013. 3. 1. 3. 7 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) FDI can be define as a company from one country making a physical investment in building a factory in another country .. It is the establishment of an enterprise by a foreigner. Malaysia has been an encouraging economy to foreign investors. This is because as a developing country, it is help in boosting the economy. Example of policy to encourage FDI, government take no tax up to 10 years who invest in Joint Development Area such as Iskandar Regional Development Authority. 3. 2 EXPLANATION ON CURRENT ECONOMY SCENARIO THAT LEAD TO THE REASONS 3. 2. 1 Budget Deficit Figure 1. 1 : Malaysia Government Budget Figure 1. 1 shows the percentage of budget deficit from year 2004 to 2013. It can be seen that the Government Budget deficit in 2012 is 4. 8 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Central Bank of Malaysia forecasted that budget deficit in 2013 will be 4. %. Thus, the average of budget deficit from 2004 to 2013 is 4. 6%. Figure 1. 2 : Federal Government Finance Figure 1. 2 tabulate the Federal Government Finance from 2009 to 2013. It can be seen that revenue for 2013 is RM 208,650 million and total expenditure is RM 248,643 million. So, the deficit is RM 39,993 million or 4% of GDP. Government Budget is an accounti ng of income receive by government and the expenditure made by government. A budget deficit occurs when the government spend more money than income. It is recommended that government should reduce deficit maximum to 3%. High percentage of deficit in many years will cause interest rate increase as well as total debt and as a result economies will slowdown. So that, to decrease budget deficit the government should increase income or decrease expenditure or both. However, in this situation, the government choose to decrease expenditure for example by cutting fuel subsidies as much as 20 cents per litre. As Prime Minister Datuk Seri NaJib Razak said: Its a process of fiscal consolidation. The market will feel more confident if we can bring down our fiscal deficit. (BBC 2013) The government has allocated RM24. billion this year for fuel subsidies and the Prime Minister has said the country would save RMI . 1 billion with the cutting fuel subsidy. Before that, the government has requested for an extra RM 14. 1 billion to cover unplanned overspending for year 2013. ( L. Kong 2013) It can be concluded that the most factor of increase in fuel price is government policy to reduce deficit. Figure 2 : Malaysia Government Debt To GDP Figure 2 shows the percentage of Malaysia Government Debt to GDP from year 2004 to 2013. Malaysia recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 53. 10 percent of the countrys GDP in 2013. It can be seen that the percentage is rose more than 50% since 2010 and remain until 2013. Basically, Government debt is the money owed by the central government to its creditors. Similar with citizen expense, increase in government debt will cause more budget deficit and lead to slowdown of economy if continued. Generally, investors use Government debt as a percent of GDP to measure a country ability to make future payments on its debt, thus affecting the country borrowing costs and government bond yields. If this situation continued, it gives negative view towards Malaysia economy and foreign investor will not invest here. According to an economy analysts credited by the London Times for predicting the global financial crisis, Colombo, said that After Sri Lanka, Malaysia now has the 2nd ighest public debt-to-GDP ratio among 13 emerging Asian countries, he also noted that Malaysias high government and household debt is contributing to the credit bubble. So that, to overcome this matter Government reduce fuel subsidy to attract back foreign investor to invest in our country. ( Sinar Harlan 2013 ) It can be concluded that the Malaysia Government Debt to GDP continue alarming is influence government policy to reduce fuel subsidy. . 2. 3 Defending Ringgit Figure 3: The value of ringgit from 30 Nov, 2012 to 25 Oct, 2013. Figure 3 show the trend of USDMYR spot exchange rate from 30 November 2012 to 25 October 2013. On 25 October 2013, the USD exchange rate for the MYR stands at 3. 14. According to Bank Negara Malaysia governor Tan Sri Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz, as a result in unstable international financial market , the Ringgit has fallen about 4 percent this year. She also reported to the Bloomberg that Bank Negara will only intervene to maintain important market conditions and not to defend the currency at any particular level. It seem that, this statement seen to convince the foreign investor and strengthened the export market. ( Business Time 2013 ) As a result, after a week cutting fuel subsidy, the Ringgit advanced 0. 29 percent to 3. 2645. This is strongest value after hitting 3. 2590 on 13 August. Besides, Ringgit reported may gain over time if the nations fundamentals remain strong and predicted faster economic expansion attempt by the government to increase investor confidence and persuade them to leave their money in the country. In conclusion, cutting fuel subsidy is contributed toward Ringgit stability. 3. 2. 4 Inflation rate is under control Figure 4: Malaysia Inflation Rate from November 2011 September 2013 Figure 4 show the Malaysia Inflation Rate from November 2011 September 2013. The inflation rate in early 2013 is around 1 percent to 2 percent. Effect of price increase in food and non-alcoholic beverages, rate of inflation slightly increased to 2 percent and slightly decelerated to 1. 9 percent in August, as food price slowed. After the government cut fuel subsidy on the September 2013, the inflation rate accelerated to 2. 6 percent, its highest rate since January 2012. According to Joana Taborda an economy analyst, the main contributor of inflation rate in September are increase in price of transport ( up by 4. 6 percent, from 0. 6 percent in August), food price (up by 3. 9 percent, from 3. 6 percent in August), and cost of alcohol and tobacco (rose 4. 5 percent). She reported, cost of housing, water, electricity and other fuels remained unchanged at 1. 8 percent. It can be seen cut in fuel subsidy had affected price of transport and food, while alcohol and tobacco affected by increase in that rate of that categories. Besides that, Prime Minister Datuk Seri NaJib Razak announce in Budget 2013 tabling, inflation rate in October is around 2 percent to 3 percent. In conclusion, government cut down fuel subsidy in right time. Although price of fuel increase, the inflation rate is under control and not slowing down economy. 3. 3 EXPLANATION ON RELATIONSHIP OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND INVESTMENT MARKET

Davy Crockett essays

Davy Crockett essays In this biography I will be discussing the life of David Crockett also known as Davy Crockett. Im going to be talking about his birth in the Tennessee Mountains all the way to his death in the Alamo war. Crockett was the fifth of nine children and the fifth son born to John and Rebecca Hawkins Crockett. The Crocketts were a self-sufficient, independent family. Crockett was born August 17, 1786 in a small cabin on the banks of the Nolichucky River, near the mouth of Limestone Creek in Tennessee. Growing up Davy lived a rough childhood as his dad failed at being a farmer, a mill operator, and storekeeper. Their Crockett family then fell in debt and Davy was forced to work. His father put him at work driving cattle to Virginia when he was 12 years old. When the summer came that year Davy was enrolled in school, he spent 5 day in school then got in a fight with one of the school boys and he played hooky for several weeks later. Later on his father found out about his hooky playing and Davy got scared and ran away to escape punishment by father. This "strategic withdrawal," as Crockett called it, lasted 2Â ½ years while he worked as a wagoner and day laborer and at odd jobs to support himself. When he returned home in 1802 he had grown so much that his family did not recognize him at first. When they did, he found that all was forgiven. Davy was now fifteen years old and approaching six feet in height. In those days a boy either worked for his father or turned over his pay if he worked for others. His father then had Davy work for some of the men that his father owed money too. He was to work on a farm for the men at what ever they needed done. He often borrowed his employer's rifle and soon became en expert marksman. From his wages he bought new clothes, a horse and a rifle of his own. He began to take part in the local shooting contests. At these contests the prices often were quarters of ...

The Definition and Usage of Optimality Theory

The Definition and Usage of Optimality Theory In linguistics, the theory that surface forms of language reflect resolutions of conflicts between competing constraints (i.e., specific restrictions on the form[s] of a structure). Optimality Theory was introduced in the 1990s by linguists Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky (Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar, 1993/2004). Though originally developed from generative phonology, the principles of Optimality Theory have also been applied in studies of syntax, morphology, pragmatics, language change, and other areas. In Doing Optimality Theory (2008), John J. McCarthy points out that some of the most significant work on OT is available for free on the Rutgers Optimality Archive. ROA, which was created by Alan Prince in 1993, is an electronic depository of work in, on, or about OT. Its a fabulous resource for the student as well as the veteran scholar. Observations At the heart of Optimality Theory lies the idea that language, and in fact every grammar, is a system of conflicting forces. These forces are embodied by constraints, each of which makes a requirement about some aspect of grammatical output forms. Constraints are typically conflicting, in the sense that to satisfy one constraint implies the violation of another. Given the fact that no form can satisfy all constraints simultaneously, there must be some mechanism selecting forms that incur lesser constraint violations from others that incur more serious ones. This selectional mechanism involves hierarchical ranking of constraints, such that higher-ranked constraints have priority over lower-ranked ones. While constraints are universal, the rankings are not: differences in ranking are the source of cross-linguistic variation. (Renà © Kager, Optimality Theory. Cambridge University Press, 1999) Faithfulness and Markedness Constraints [Optimality Theory] holds that all languages have a set of constraints which produce the basic phonological and grammatical patterns of that particular language. In many cases, an actual utterance violates one or more of these constraints, so a sense of well-formedness applies to that utterance which violates the least number or least important constraints. Constraints can be classified in two types: faithfulness and markedness. The faithfulness principle constrains a word to match the underlying morphological form (such as plural tram -s in trams). But words like buses or dogs do not follow this constraint (the first falls foul of the constraint that prevents the pronunciation of two consecutive /s/ sounds and the second places a /z/ instead of an /s/). These two examples, though, follow markedness constraints, and in these cases the particular markedness scores higher than the faithfulness constraint, so the alternate forms are allowed. Differences between languages, then, are a ma tter of the relative importance given to particular constraints, and a description of these constitutes a description of the language. (R.L. Trask, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed., ed. by Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007) Constraint Interaction and the Domination Hierarchy [W]e assert that the constraints operating in a particular language are highly conflicting and make sharply contrary claims about the well-formedness of most representations. The grammar consists of the constraints together with a general means of resolving their conflicts. We argue further that this conception is an essential prerequisite for a substantive theory of UG. How does a grammar determine which analysis of a given input best satisfies a set of consistent well-formedness conditions? Optimality Theory relies on a conceptually simple but surprisingly rich notion of constraint interaction whereby the satisfaction of one constraint can be designated to take absolute priority over the satisfaction of another. The means that a grammar uses to resolve conflicts is to rank constraints in a strict domination hierarchy. Each constraint has absolute priority over all the constraints lower in the hierarchy. [O]nce the notion of constraint-precedence is brought in from the periphery and foregrounded, it reveals itself to be of remarkably wide generality, the formal engine driving many grammatical interactions. It will follow that much that has been attributed to narrowly specific constructional rules or to highly particularized conditions is actually the responsibility of very general well-formedness constraints. In addition, a diversity of effects, previously understood in terms of the triggering or blocking of rules by constraints (or merely by special conditions), will be seen to emerge from constraint interaction. (Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky, Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Blackwell, 2004) The Richness of the Base Hypothesis Optimality Theory (OT) does not allow for constraints on the inputs of phonological evaluation. Output constraints are the only mechanisms for expressing phonotactic patterns. This idea of OT is referred to as the Richness of the Base hypothesis. For instance, there is no input constraint that forbids the morpheme *bnik as a morpheme of English. The output constraints will penalize such a form, and evaluate this form in such a way that the optimal output form is not faithful to this form, but different, e.g. blik. Since forms such as bnik will never surface in English, it does not make sense to store an underlying form bnik for blik. This is the effect of lexicon optimization. Thus, the phonological output constraints of a language will be reflected by the input forms. (Geert Booij, Morpheme Structure Constraints. The Blackwell Companion to Phonology: General Issues and Subsegmental Phonology, ed. by Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume, Keren Rice. Blackwell, 2011) Optimality-Theoretic Syntax [T]he emergence of OT syntax seems to fit into the general tendency in syntax to blame the ungrammaticality of a sentence on the existence of a better alternative. This view on grammaticality is also found in [Noam] Chomskys Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995), although Chomsky takes optimization to play a much more modest role than OT syntacticians do. Whereas Chomskys only criterion for evaluation is derivational cost, the inventory of violable constraints assumed in OT syntax is richer. As a result, the OT constraints interact and conflict with each other. This interaction is exploited by the assumption that constraints are ranked, and that parametrization can be reduced to differences in ranking between languages. Chomskys economic conditions, on the other hand, have no such direct parametrizing effect. In the Minimalist Program, the locus of the parametrization is the lexicon. (Introduction to Optimality Theory: Phonology, Syntax, and Acquisition, ed. by Joost Dekkers, Frank van d er Leeuw, and Jeroen van de Weijer. Oxford University Press, 2000)

Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Economics - Assignment Example (Anderson and Cavangh, 2004)Â   The unemployment rate accelerated from 9.7 percent to 9.8 per cent in September 2009. The US economy had lost 7.2m jobs since the beginning of the crisis in 2007 and about 15.1 million people were looking for jobs. The worst hit was the construction sector, which witnessed as many as 64,000 job losses. The manufacturing and the retail sectors were no exceptions where the employer cut down were 51,000 and 39,000 respectively. In this scenario of joblessness, where the growth in the unemployment rate was showing a northward trend I had to come up with a policy to address the issue on a more serious note. There is no doubt about the fact that outsourcing enhances globalization and opens trade which has been proved to be beneficial for both the parties engaged in it but at the same time it reduces the number of jobs available to the domestic workers. So a policy implication has to be made to stop outsourcing of jobs.(Anderson and cavangh , 2004) To overco me the unemployment issue in the country I have come up policies, which would stop outsourcing of work.

International Analysis of Organization Design Essay - 1

International Analysis of Organization Design - Essay Example Such is a significant feature that influences the management of organizations in different regions. Multinational organizations that exist in more than one country must always adopt unique organizational structures and systems of management in the various countries in order to suite with the culture of people in the different markets as the discussion below portrays. China is the largest economy in the East and is among the largest markets in the world. The country has conducive environment for doing business owing to the large population and the low production costs. As such, numerous multinational companies target the market. However, Chinese people have a unique culture. The history of the country presents a country that remained secluded from the rest of the world thus succeeded in forming a unique system of governance coupled with an equally unique culture. The culture of China therefore influences the management of the multinational organizations that set up shops in the country. Despite the lucrative nature of the market, the companies must always adopt new structures and systems of management in order to operate in the region (Juvidan, Dorfman & House, 2006). -Develop its brand and the visibility and spread of the stores so as to make it the first choice when it comes to coffee, easy to find and familiar with the environment and hard to switch to substitutes Key among the multinational companies that operate in China is Starbucks. Starbucks Corporations, also known as Starbucks Coffee is an American company and the largest coffee company in the world. The company operates in more than two thousand locations throughout the world. While the United States is its largest market, the company operates in many other countries with China forming headquarter in its eastern frontier. The company is a large and accepted brand in China. The company’s success in China is because of specific changes in the management of the

The Lottery Essay Example for Free

The Lottery Essay Have you ever imagined being killed for winning a lottery? In â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, the author does an outstanding job describing the main character, the plot, and the theme. The character Tessie Hutchinson in this story makes the reader feel as if he or she is a part of the plot. Additionally, the plot of this story is very surprising and unexpected. Jackson does a really great job writing the story, and in the end it is very easy to think about a theme. Certainly, â€Å"The Lottery† is a perfect example of a story combining an interesting plot, good characterization, and a clear theme. Tessie Hutchinson starts out being a regular citizen of the village and ends up being the main character; ultimately, she is killed. First, she is described as: â€Å"an old house woman.† This tells the reader that she probably works all day and is very tired. Next, she nearly forgets about the lottery and she arrives late. This tells us that she is exhausted and doesn’t really care about the lottery. In the end, she â€Å"wins† the lottery as Mr. Summers announces: â€Å"It’s Tessie!† Winning the lottery means being killed, and this is exactly what happens to Tessie. The subtle increasing of the level of importance of Tessie throughout the story made it more interesting to read. The plot of this story was surprising and unexpected at the same time. In the beginning, the scene is described as: â€Å"Clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day.† Ironically, this makes the reader think this is going to be a positive story. Later, we shockingly find out that: â€Å"Someone’s life is going to be over.† This clearly tells us that someone is going to die in this story. Finally, in the end Tessie screams: â€Å"It’s not fair, it isn’t right!† Lastly, the story ends and we then know that Tessie has been killed. These three significant changes that transpire during the plot make it a more compelling story. The theme of this story is to never relax until you are completely safe. A good example is Tessie. For her, it starts out being: â€Å"a normal summer morning.† Then, throughout the story her predicament completely changes. Later on, she nearly forgets about the lottery and she arrives late. Her husband asks: â€Å"Why were you late?† and she simply says that she had forgot. Lastly, she finds out that she is the winner of the lottery as Mr. Summers says: â€Å"It’s Tessie.† This means that she is the one that is going to be killed out of all the citizens of the village. After reading this story, there is one more thing to learn. This is the theme, life lesson, or moral that has just been outlined. In this story, Shirley Jackson does an outstanding job of having an interesting plot, using characterization, and including a clear theme. I really enjoyed reading this story because it was different from most stories I have read before. I like this type of story because the surprise in the end is not expected and you don’t understand it until you finish reading the whole story. This is a fine example of experiencing a result that you definitely didn’t expect. So now, be careful the next time you take part in a lottery!

A Comparison of Two Creation Myths :: Compare Contrast, Creation Stories

Can religions and cultures be anything more than their history? Why do we have a concept of history in the first place? Obviously history exists, but like the human ability to conceive of the future, history seems to be a rare phenomenon tied with our ability for language and the telling of stories. What’s even more fascinating is the human ability to make up a history or to tell a story, such as a creation myth, that seeks to explain something that has not been witnessed by anyone and does not have any role in finding food or creating shelter. We do not have a physical need to know how the earth came to be or to know how it is that we came to be here. Still, creation stories exist in almost all human cultures and, amazingly, many share many of the same elements. The question is, why? Is it a coincidence that so many of them share the same elements? By looking at a comparison of two creation stories, we should be able to understand the meaning of these similarities better . Just look at two creation stories side-by-side and you should easily see their similarities. Perhaps the easiest way to do this would be to take one unknown creation story and compare it to one from one’s own culture. Below is an example of a Mongolian creation myth: Long long ago God descended to earth and made a man and a woman out of clay. Before returning to heaven to get some holy water with the power to animate anything, he ordered his dog and cat to protect the clay people from the devil. After God ascended to heaven, the devil came to harm the people. The dog and the cat protected them, though, thwarting the devil's plan. Finally, the devil deceived them by giving a piece of meat to the dog and a bowl of milk to the cat. While the dog ate the flesh and the cat lapped the milk, the devil urinated on the people and fled. When God returned with the holy water and discovered what had happened, he was enraged. Scolding the dog and cat for neglecting their duty, he forced the cat to lick the hair off the bodies of the people whom the devil had defiled (God created humans with hair all over their bodies). The cat licked off the hair everywhere except their heads, armpits, and crotches, since the former

A Moral Solution to the Organ Donor Shortage Essay

In Alexander T. Tabarrok’s essay, â€Å"A Moral Solution to the Organ Shortage† Alexander explains ways to find solutions to the organ shortage by proposing a fair way to go about qualifying for organ transplant. Gary Becker suggested that paying a good amount of money toward funeral cost of organ donors would help and encourage people to donate their organs. The new rule that Alexander wanted to proposed is the â€Å"no -give – no – take† rule. Under this rule in order to receive an organ a person must have previously signed their organ donor card. Under â€Å"no – give – no take†, signing your organ donor card is like joining the club, the club of people who have agreed to share their organs. People have different views when it comes to donating organs. Some have their doubts about becoming an organ donor because of their religious beliefs, while others thinks that by signing an organ donor card it’s same as buying an i nsurance . NOTE In some ways I agree with Alexander on this new rule that he has proposed ( UNOS). Having a donor card is a good idea to make sure there is surplus of organs able to be donated. I’m not convinced that the â€Å"no- give no – take† rule will be productive to solve the shortage of our organ donors any time soon, since Alexander’s essay was based on suggestion. As for myself I would have doubt of donating my organs not because of my religion or beliefs, but the trust of the people that handling my organs. This essay has inspired me to rethink being an organ donor because of the problems of most organizations. In my own views, paying tremendous amounts of money to organ donors to saved someones life is a wrong way to help people that in need. As time progresses and suggestions becomes reality I would be more confident in donating my organs.

Schools as Organisations

6. 2 Explain the role of schools in national policies relating to children, young people and families. As part of the National Governments incentive to help provide backing and encouragement to practitioners in schools 2 new funding programmes were introduced by the Department for Children, Schools and Families as part f the Government Children Plan. These programmes; Every Child a Talker (ECAT) and Social and Emotional Aspects of Development (SEAD). These were launched to increase the skills of early year’s specialists and were a part of the government’s wider pledge to the education workforce development. These packages were designed to address the need for children in schools to experience a language rich setting through staff in ensuring that they work successfully with both parents and families. Through SEAD, staff in schools would gain the knowledge and understanding to help engage parents more effectively in order for them to be better prepared to support their child’s social and emotional needs. It was the abuse and ultimate death of Victoria Climbie in 2000 which prompted changes in children’s services. The Every Child Matters paper set out a national agenda and plan with the aim of providing more services that were accessible for the needs of children, young people and families which stated that schools and other child care providers must demonstrate ways that they could work towards each of the outcomes. The 5 key aims and intentions were; Be healthy: schools needed to play a leading part in health education towards children and young people which included questioning the significance of snacks and the nutritional contents of school meals, as well as enabling children to enjoy a good physical and mental health by being part of a healthy lifestyle. Stay safe: a survey among 11~16 year olds in mainstream schools claimed that almost 46% had been the victim of some form of bullying, in order to break these statistics it is vital that pupils need to feel that they are being protected in school, in order for schools to do this they must continue to make behaviour management and anti bullying an significant issue. Enjoy and achieve: in order for students to get the most out of life and develop the necessary skills for adulthood children and young people must enjoy their lives and achieve their potential. In order for schools to assist with this they must make improvements in failings across different ethnic groups and unauthorised absences that are unacceptable. Contribute: children and young people need to be involved in their community rather than involve themselves in anti social behaviour. Schools can teach children the ethics of social responsibility and a feeling of ‘belonging’ by providing link to a pupils own community and how they can become a part of it. Achieve a good standard of living: children and young people with parents who are unemployed or existing on low incomes must be encouraged to aspire to a better career and lifestyle for themselves. Schools can develop strategies to enable all students to reach their full potential. At Parkhill School we are part of a walk to school programme which encourages pupils at the school to walk rather than take other forms of transport, for every child who participates they are awarded with a different badge at the end of each month which they proudly display on their bags. We also are part of War Child International; this is a charity which works across the world to support children that are affected by war. Each Christmas the children at our school are asked to provide a shoe box filled with items that would be suitable for a child living in a war torn country. The children feel a great deal of fulfilment and happiness when they know they are helping a child and that gives them a sense of realization about children who have a lot less than themselves

All About the Periodic Table

All About the Periodic Table The periodic table of the elements is one of the most important tools used by chemists and other scientists because it summarizes useful information about the chemical elements in a format that shows relationships between the elements. Get Your Own Periodic Table You can find the periodic table in any chemistry textbook, plus there are apps for referring to the table from your phone. However, sometimes its nice to be able to have one open on your computer, to  save one to your desktop, or to print one off. Printed periodic tables are great because you can mark them up and not worry about ruining your book. Use Your Periodic Table A tool is only as good as your ability to use it! Once you are familiar with the way the elements are organized, you can locate them more quickly, get information from the periodic table, and draw conclusions about the properties of elements based on their location on the table. Periodic Table History Many people consider Dmitri Mendeleev to be the Father of the Modern Periodic Table. Mendeleevs table was slightly different from the table we use today in that his table was ordered by increasing atomic weight and our modern table is ordered by increasing atomic number. However, Mendeleevs table was a true periodic table because it organizes the elements according to recurring trends or properties. Get to Know the Elements Of course, the periodic table  is all about the elements. The elements are identified by the number of protons in an atom of that element. Right now, youll see 118 elements on the periodic table, but as more elements are discovered, another row will be added to the table. Quiz Yourself Because its necessary to know what the periodic table is and how to use it, you can expect to be tested about it from grade school pretty much until the end of time. Before your grade is on the line, probe your strengths and weaknesses with online quizzes. You might even have fun!

Breathtaking Facts about Fisher Effect

Breathtaking Facts about Fisher Effect The Fisher Effect is a macroeconomic concept developed by the early American economist Irving Fisher (1867-1947) that predicts that the real interest rate is equal to the nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation, and that in order to hold the real interest rate constant, the nominal interest rate must be adjusted by an amount equal to the rate of inflation. What Is the Fisher Effect? The Fisher Effect is a macroeconomic concept developed by the early American economist Irving Fisher (1867-1947) that predicts that the real interest rate is equal to the nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation, and that in order to hold the real interest rate constant, the nominal interest rate must be adjusted by an amount equal to the rate of inflation. BLACK ECONOMY The importance of this prediction is that it suggests that over a long term period, changes in monetary control measures, such as adjustments in interest rates or the money supply, have no real effect on real interest rates or economic output. In order to understand the Fisher Effect (which should not be confused with the similarly-named International Fisher Effect, which deals with currency values and was also developed by Dr. Fisher), we need to understand two basic economic ideas: the difference between real and nominal interest rates, and the quantity theory of money. The nominal interest rate is the stated interest borne by any sort of investment instrument – a savings account, bond, interest on a loan, and so on. For example, if you were to purchase a 30-day certificate of deposit at 5% interest for $1,000, the nominal interest at the end of those 30 days would be $50. Because of price inflation, however, the new balance of $1,050 is worth less than that relative to the $1,000 it was worth 30 days ago. If the inflation rate is 2%, then the real value of the balance is $1,030 – 5% minus the 2% inflation rate equals 3%, which is the real interest rate. The Quantity Theory of Money The quantity theory of money relates prices to the supply of money in the economy; as the supply of money increases, so do prices. The theory is expressed by a simple, well-known equation M x V = P x Y, where M represents the money supply, V represents â€Å"velocity† or the number of times in a specified period the money is exchanged for goods or services, P represents an overall price level in an economy, and Y represents economic output, i.e. the real GDP. The equation can also be written in a form in which growth rates are substitutes for whole values for the variables; it functions in much the same way in either form. In the quantity theory, so long as the â€Å"velocity† of money and the economic output do not change, prices have to change according to the money supply. Over long periods, the velocity of money does, in fact, remain fairly constant. Economic output does change, but other parts of economic theory demonstrate that changes in economic output are attributable to technology and factors of production, not changes in the money supply. In other words, increases in economic output automatically increase the velocity of money by a corresponding amount, canceling these two factors out of the equation, or making them constant in relation to the M and the P. Enter the Fisher Effect Now we return to real and nominal interest rates. The constant (or if you prefer, equivalent) nature of the velocity of money and economic output over long periods of time is an indication that real interest rates do not change. Think of it this way: at any given point in time, a dollar purchases a dollar’s worth of goods or services. In a short term, of course, we notice the lag in the value of our dollar due to price inflation, but over a long period, the relative value remains approximately the same; prices go up, but so do wages and earnings on investments. That long-term consistency is the Fisher Effect. As inflation progresses, nominal interest rates are adjusted upward to compensate and keep real interest rates more or less constant. It’s â€Å"more or less† constant because the effect is not a smooth curve. When interest rates are set, the anticipated rate of inflation is taken into account; in reality, the rate of inflation usually differs slightly in magnitude and rate of change, meaning that from one interest-setting period to the next, the nominal interest rate either lags or leads to a small degree with respect to the inflation rate. The effect, however, averages out over a long period. The Fisher Effect in the context of the quantity theory of money also explains why efforts to stimulate an economy through adding money to the financial system – the so-called â€Å"quantitative easing† – usually has little to no effect. In theory, increasing the money supply increases the velocity of money; there is more money to spend, therefore, more exchanges of money occur. Thus, in the quantity theory equation, the left side of the equation, M x V, increases. If prices, P, on the right side of the equation do not immediately increase, or do not increase by a necessary amount, then in order for the equation to remain equal economic output, Y, must increase. HOW TO SAVE MONEY IN COLLEGE? The problem with this thinking is that first of all, economic output has the slowest rate of change of the four variables; prices will always change more quickly, and that keeps the equation equal. Second, nominal interest rates affect the velocity of money; when inflation rises, nominal interest rates are raised according to the Fisher Effect, and when interest rates increase, the velocity of money decreases. Interest on loans, for example, is raised because lenders are very aware of their real interest rate, and act to prevent it from decreasing. When loan interest is higher, fewer loans are made. For investors, higher interest rates encourage maintaining investments and accessing new ones, rather than liquidating them and spending the money on something else; the net change in the value of V is then zero, or close to it. The Fisher Effect is essentially an explanation for the relatively constant, cyclical nature of the economy over a long period of time. It is a fairly basic economic concept and can be seen in action if one looks at the economy from a historical perspective. It does not appear in the short term, which is perhaps why government economic managers seem to forget about it; if they would keep it in mind, however, they would realize that much of their effort towards â€Å"stimulating the economy† or â€Å"managing the exchange value of the currency† has no real impact and that their time might be better spent on other activities.

Global Warming as an Ethical Issue Research Paper

Global Warming as an Ethical Issue - Research Paper Example The post war era saw the development of the industry on rapid scale. This came about in the form of development sector, heavy industry, production and manufacturing field. All these industries and developmental progresses led to the dimension of industrial wastes. The wastes so emitted from the industry were not just limited to the industrial surroundings; rather it got infused into the surroundings as well in the form of water, air and people. The original and slowly visible traces of the global warming can be traced back to the days of late 19th and early 20th century when industries saw a boom and technology gained impetus leading to establishment of heavy industries. The water waste is a result of number of things. These include the direct disposition of wastes into the water in the form of dumping of wastes. The others include the addition and disposition of wastes through the pipelines and exits of the industries and other heavily built machinery and instruments into the waters and seas. The different parts of the developed communities show heavy pipelines being developed and leading into the seas, rivers and oceans. The direct impact falls upon the water that is within the oceans, the sea life in the form of the fishery and other living material. Furthermore, the impact also falls upon the water extracted from these rivers and seas which is used for the domestic purposes at homes. Finally, the coral reef and other naturally gifted and present under sea wild life and aquatic material is at a threat. The waste material forms pours of clouding and protection which leads to prevention of sun reaching deep into the water, as a result the coral ree f damage. The coral reef makes up for an integral part of the sea life and healthy coral reef adds to the beauty as well as the overall naturally balanced aquatic life. The recent times have seen the usage of open

Visual analysis paper of greek pottery Assignment

Visual analysis paper of greek pottery - Assignment Example The vessel had themes of encyclopedia of mythology. It exploits of Peleus and his son Achilles (the hero of Homer’s Illiad). Dionysos and Two Satyrs The vessel came into being in the years 500 BCE. The vessel was amphora shaped. The material used to make the clay was Corinthian which in other words reffered to as the beige clay is commonly. The vessel’s decorativeness technique comprises of geometric and organic forms which are limited to the shoulder of the vessel. The composition of the vessel is that of the registered one and it comes in distinct forms like silhouetted, ones filled in with color. The details of the vessel are done by great accuracy and incision. The effect of the vessel is that of a decorative and appears in two-dimensional. Dionysus in a Boat This relic: the vessel â€Å"kylix† came into being in the years 540 BCE and was made by an artist by the name Exekias. It measures 12† in diameter. The material used in making this vessel is known as Attic or in other words the orange clay. The technique employed is that of the â€Å"black† figure; black glaze. The details of the vessel are very much incisive. The decorativeness forms of the vessel are very much organic. The compositions of the vessel are those that are narrative and figures that do not necessarily conform to the shape of the vessel. Herakles Strangling Nemean Lion This Greek relic; â€Å"amphora† came into being in the year 525 BCE. ... The composition of the vessel is very much registered. The narrative bit of the vessel is limited to the body of the vessel while decorative bit of it is expounded on the geometric patterns and limited to the border areas and arms. Death of Sarpedon This Greek relic; the vessel â€Å"krater† was brought into being in the years 515 BCE by artists going by the names Euxitheos and Euphronios. The material that the artists have used is the Attic or better known as the orange clay. The technique used in this relic is that of the red figure, which is an inversion of the black figure and has the background around the figures painted in black. The details are no longer incised but painted in black. He decorativeness effect are the geometric patterns and limited to the border areas. The composition is registered and the narrative bit of it is limited to the body of the vessel. The figure depends less on the profile view and embraces foreshortened and overlapping limbs that interest in facial limbs. Lapith and Centaur This Greek relic; â€Å"kylix† was made in the years 490 BCE. The artist who made it is known as the â€Å"Foundry Painter†. The material used is the Attic or in other words the orange clay. The technique used is the red figure. The decorativeness of the vessel bounds along the geometric patterns that are limited to the border areas. The composition is non-registered while the narrative conforms to the body of the vessel. The figures are shortened and overlapping limbs that interest in facial expressions. Archaic Period - Rycroft Painter Column Krater (Mixing Bowl) comparison In comparison with the above described relics, this vessel embodies the epitome of finesse and precision. It dully conforms to the works of the Greek Archaic period

Analysis of the underlying causes Domestic Violence against Women in Essay

Analysis of the underlying causes Domestic Violence against Women in Pakistan - Essay Example With the upsurge in media channels, newspapers and different information access points coming of age, the world is getting to know the dark side behind the domestic woman of Pakistan, within the four walls of her home or of her master’s. The mechanism which could be discussed here in line with the control and prevention of domestic violence against women in the country comprise of first and foremost an understanding that the women are being treated rather shabbily within the state. It is this realization of the grave problem that could tackle half the problem in a whisker. The police authorities fail to curb the crimes that are committed on these women because they do not accept that the crimes are carried out in the first place. This is because the system of bribery is rampant within the society and police authorities of Pakistan, according to recent surveys carried out globally, is the most corrupt organization followed up by judiciary, which speaks volumes of the law and order situation that is present within Pakistan. Now domestic violence against women becomes an all the more significant aspect since it is seldom being reported to the authorities and in most of those cases the matters are hushed up before they could be moved ahead any further. Whilst drafting a five year plan for the control and prevention regimes of domestic violence within Pakistan, it is pertinent to know what the real factors behind devising such a plan are. If only the factors are ascertained beforehand, it would give a clear idea as to the eventual ramifications in the lead-up to the results and findings of the violence that is taking place within the nation. There is the subject of poverty and lack of education that kicks off the topic of domestic violence. Then men are frustrated with the norms of the society and tend to vent their feelings by taking out violent means on the women within their homes. Also the aspect of having

Study On The Relative Clauses English Language Essay

Study On The Relative Clauses English Language Essay INTRODUCTION We use language to express our thoughts, plans, and our ideas which, most of the times are not simple. As a result, language that we use to convey those is also not simple. Very often, while communicating we want to express ourselves as clear as possible so we determinate what are we actually talking about. Relative Clauses enable the speaker to be more specific and add additional information about the referent, in writing they make writing more sophisticated. The topic of this paper is going to be, precisely that Relative Clauses and it is going to be divided into three parts. The first part of this paper, and the starting point of this work, is going to be focused on English Relative Clauses. Furthermore, their form and function in English language. The second part of the paper is going to present all these elements (structure and function) of Relative Clauses in Albanian Language. The third part of the paper will be focused on the comparing and contrasting Relative Clauses in English and Albanian. This is going to be realized by constantly extracting examples from the well known novel written by James Joyce, Ulysses, in English and the translated form of the same in Albanian by idler Azizi. The last part of the paper will be recapitulation of all the previous mentioned elements and we will drown the conclusion based on the work and sentences given within the paper. The conclusion will finally provide us with the actual results upon the assumption that Relative clauses in English and Albanian should have certain elements in common and therefore contain, to certain extent, similarities. On the other hand this paper will also represent the differences that Relative clauses in both languages might have. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the Relative Clauses which are used widely in everyday language. It is focused on Albanian and English language so the readers can, at least, by the examples used, have a clear picture of the issue. Readers, whether they are students of English language or Albanian or even those that languages are not their field of study, are left to judge how helpful this paper will be to them. Hopefully, it is going to serve its purpose and at least, be a small guide into the wide scope of language. RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ENGLISH In English Grammar books and other resources (electronic ones), that are the point of reference in this description, Relative Clauses are treated under the umbrella of Noun Modifiers, as a subordinate clause. We will firstly start from the definition of the Relative Clause as the starting point of our further analysis. Afterwards, after proving the definition through examples we are going to prove the correctness of the definitions and furthermore construct our own examples in order to insure that the form has been understood appropriately. The source grammar books of this paper are: English Grammar, Morphology written by Prof. Dr. Jashar Kabashi  [1]  , English Syntax by Prof. Dr. Vesel Nuhiu  [2]  , A Students Grammar of the English Language by Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk  [3]  , The Grammar Book by Marianne Celce-Murcia and Diane Larsen-Freeman  [4]  , English Grammar in Use written by: Raymond Murphy  [5]  , Headway, written by Liz and John Soars and A Comprehensive Handbook of English Grammar written by Prof. Dr. Shykrane Gà «rmizaj.  [6]   The electronic sources used for this paper is: Wikipedia (the electronic encyclopedia)  [7]  and The analysis made by HUNTER COLLEGE published on their web page: rwc.hunter.cuny.edu  [8]   A relative clause (in some grammar books referred as *nominal relative clause) is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun phrase, most commonly a noun. For example: the man who wasnt there The phrase contains the noun man, which is modified by the relative clause who wasnt there.  [9]   We can notice in the example above that the italic clause comes after the noun that it modifies so we can state that it is a noun post modifier. This is why some grammarians state that a Relative Clause is a type of complex postnominal adjectival modifier used in both written and spoken English.  [10]   E.g. San Antonio is a city that has experienced very rapid growth.  [11]   She is the teacher that I was talking you about yesterday. It is the music that is famous in the world. They are the boys that like studying. As we can notice the words in bold are nouns and those italic are relative clauses that modify the nouns preceding. *Greenbaum and Quirk, A students Grammar of the English Language 2.1 The Structure of Relative Clauses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As mentioned above, Relative clauses are one kind of dependent clause, introduced by a relative pronoun that refers to the main noun the clause depends upon. A relative clause always immediately follows the noun it modifies.  [12]   Rel.pro I read the book that is on the first shelf. Main clause Rel. clause   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A relative pronoun is usually the first word of a relative clause; however, in some cases the pronoun follows a preposition:  [13]   The flight on which we wanted to travel was fully booked. Additionally, when the relative pronoun is not the subject of the relative clause, it may be omitted entirely (especially in spoken English): I didnt see the movie (that) you were mentioning last night. When the pronoun is the subject, it cannot be omitted: I fixed the car is very old. Relative pronouns Relative pronouns comprise two series: Wh- element (including indefinite relative pronouns): who, whom, whose, which, what etc. That and zero, the latter indicated below as ( )  [14]   Adverbial pronouns: when, where, why, how The noun to which a relative pronoun refers is called the ANTECENDENT.  [15]   A relative pronoun refers back to a noun in the preceding clause.  [16]   They differ based on antecedent, moreover whether the antecedent is personal or non-personal. I know the person who was mentioned at the meeting. I have heard the song that/ which you were singing yesterday. The lady that is sitting over there is my mother. In the example a) above we may noticed that the relative clause modifies the noun person and the pronoun used to indicate the Relative Clause is who whereas in b) example the relative pronoun used is that or which and modifies the noun song. In c) example the relative pronoun that indicates the relative clause is that and it modifies the noun lady. That is more usual than which.  [17]   ! Remember that in Relative Clauses we use who/that/ which, not he/she/it:  [18]   I have never seen the girl who lives next door. (not the girl she lives) Wh-element The wh-element may be a pronoun, such as whoever and what, an adverb, such as where.  [19]   With who and whom the antecedent must be personal, with which it must be non-personal; with whose the antecedent is usually personal but can also be non-personal.  [20]   That is the school which I was talking you about. That is the teacher who teaches us in the University. That is the teacher (school) whose number I gave you. The teacher whom I wanted to meet was on lunch time. Indefinite relative pronouns These are relative pronouns + the suffix ever: Whoever: personal Whatever: non-personal and personal Whichever: non-personal and personal *Whomever: is correct but most people say whoever  [21]   Take whatever measures you consider best. Wherever you go, I will contact you. Indefinite relative pronouns in ever have no antecedents in the sentence. They do not refer to the specific persons or things but to anyone/anything no matter who or what he/she/it or they may be.  [22]   Wh-element may express either SPECIFIC meaning (where the -ever suffix is disallowed) or a NONSPECIFIC meaning (generally indicated by the presence of the -ever suffix):  [23]   SPECIFIC: February is when the exams start in our University. (the exact month) NONSPECIFIC: Whoever cheats in the exam will be asked to leave the class. (the person is not determinated) That That can be used without reference to the gender of the antecedent or the function within the relative clause, except that it cannot be preceded by a proposition.  [24]   You can also use that (instead of who), but you cant use which for people.  [25]   The police officer that is my neighbour works here. who is my neighbour works here. which is my neighbour works here. (Incorrect usage) Zero pronoun Zero has a similar range as those pronouns mentioned above in 2.1.2 and 2.1.3, lacking only the subject function.  [26]   The actor ( ) I admired is new to London.  [27]   The play ( ) I was attracted to is new to London.  [28]   The food ( ) I eat is not very healthy. Information ( ) I collected will serve our community. 2.1.5 Adverbial Pronouns The relative pronouns are where, when, why and how The town where I used to live is beautiful. The year when I started my studies was 2007. I dont know the reason why they didnt marry. I dont know a way how to get there. They denote the place, time, reason and manner. Indefinite relative adverbs Whenever, wherever, however, begin clauses which refer to people or things or places, at any time, on any day; any place no matter where it is no matter how, without exception:  [29]   Whenever you have time, call me. She comes, whenever she has time. 2.1.6 The category of case of relative pronouns (who, whom, whose) Case is used to indicate the status of the relative pronoun and its clause.  [30]   Of the pronouns mentioned above in 2.1.2 the only relative pronouns that have the category of case are who which has subjective and whom objective case within the relative clause.  [31]   If the pronoun is in genitive relation to a noun head, the pronoun can have the form whose. The man who we were looking for is my best friend. The man whom we were looking is my best friend. The woman whose daughter you met is Mrs. Brown. (The woman is Mrs. Brown; you met her daughter.)  [32]   2.2 Types of Relative Causes Relative Clauses can be divided into two groups: restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses  [33]   Restrictive Relative Clauses A restrictive relative clause (or defining, or limiting) modifies the headword of a NP by restricting or limiting the meaning of it. Such a clause follows immediately the headword of a Noun Phrase and in writing is not separated by commas from the main clause.  [34]   In speaking, there is no pause before or after the defining relative clause.  [35]   Restrictive Relative Clauses are more common in spoken language.  [36]   For Example: This is the girl who danced a lot at the party last night. The people who protested were unsatisfied with the present condition. He is the person that the police are looking for. The juice that you just served is very cold. Restrictive relative clauses are essential part in a sentence in order to convey the whole information.  [37]  Let us prove this by taking some of the sentences from the above written examples. This is the girl. The people were unsatisfied with the present condition. He is the person. (Which person?) As you can notice the meaning, information is vague. Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses The other type of Relative Clauses is called non-restrictive relative clauses. These clauses are not used as noun modifiers, since they do not modify a noun but only give some additional information about the headword which is already sufficiently modified or defined. In writing such clauses are usually separated by commas from the rest of the sentence.  [38]  In speaking there are pauses before and after a non-defining relative clause.  [39]   My sister (pause), who is a first year student, (pause) is a very hard working person. Non-restrictive (or non/defining) clauses add secondary information to a sentence, almost as an afterthought.  [40]   For Example: My sister, who is a first year student, is a very hard working person. The Shakespeares play, that is known worldwide, is going to be performed in The National Theatre. The strange noise, which was coming from the first flour, has scared the child. The climbers, who reached the summit, were exhausted. As we can notice from the above given examples the non-restrictive relative clause can be left out and the sentence that remains is meaningful even without it. Let us prove this by implying it in the following example. My sister is a very hard working person. The Shakespeares play is going to be performed in The National Theater. These types of relative clauses, non-restrictive, are more common in written language.  [41]   The Function of Relative Clauses The Relative clauses can perform various functions in a complex sentence. Relative Clauses as subject Relative Clause can perform the function of the subject in a complex sentence.  [42]   That they will win is known for sure. That she is beautiful doesnt mean so much to me. Who proves too much proves nothing What I want to know is the truth. If we analyse the sentences above a) and b) we can notice that the entire Relative clause in italic we can replace with the pronoun it. It is known for sure. As we can notice the pronoun it (which we used to replace the relative clause) precedes the predicate and it answers to questions what? Those are the characteristics of the subject. Here bellow we will use yet another example in order to clarify the function of subject of the Relative Clause. That the film is interesting is obvious. (What is obvious?) Relative clauses Extraposed Subject The finite (that) clause may perform the function of Extraposed subject.  [43]   It is a fact that Madonna is famous. Its a good idea that he initiated such an issue.  [44]   Relative clauses as Direct Object Relative Clauses used in the function of an object in complex sentences usually have subjects that are human beings. They introduce mainly reported speech, such as: He said that he was proud with his company. He mentioned that economic problems are destroying his otherwise successful company. They emphasized that the homework has to be done by tomorrow. Relative clauses as Subject complement Relative Clause can perform the function of Subject complement within a complex sentence.  [45]   It seems that she is nervous. What annoyed me was that she didnt pay the attention. That is where I want to go  [46]   April is when lilacs bloom. RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ALBANIAN LANGUAGE In Albanian, similar to English, Relative clauses determinate noun phrases (NP) and they are called fjalia e pà «rbà «rà « me pjesà « tà « nà «nrenditura pà «rcaktore.  [47]   The NP that Relative modifies is called paraprijà «s.  [48]   3.1 The structure of Relative Clauses in Albanian In Albanian language, similar to English, Relative Clause is introduced by relative pronouns and relative adverbs.  [49]   3.1.1 Relative pronouns in Albanian Language Words like qà « and i cili, e cila, tà « cilà «t etc. function as relative pronouns (Alb. pà «remà «r lidhor).  [50]  Relative pronouns can be defining and non-defining, those written in bold above are defining, while some of the non-defining are: kush, ndokush, kudo, kurdo.  [51]  Relative Clauses in Albanian can also be preceded by relative adverbials (Alb.ndajfolje lidhore)  [52]  : Ku, kur etc. They are always placed before the relative clause, which introduces the same. However in the case when the relative clause i cili is used in the possessive (genitive) case, because of its adequate function it is preceded by a noun.  [53]   3.1.2 Albanian Relative pronoun qà « Relative pronoun qà « in Albanian Language doesnt change its form. This is because the lack of gender, number and case.  [54]   E và «rteta à «shtà «, qà « ai nuk deshi tà « vije nà « mbledhje. Shqipiptar i và «rtetà « à «shtà « ai, qà « nuk e ndan veprà «n nga fjala. Dà «gjohet vetà «m klithma qà « vinte nga rruga e errà «t. Puna e mbarà « à «shtà « ajo, qà « punohet me nder. As we can notice we use the relative pronoun qà « regardless of the gender, number or case. 3.1.3 Albanian Relative pronoun i cili Functionally the relative pronoun in Albanian i cili corresponds to the relative pronoun in 3.3.1 (qà «) but it also has certain characteristics on his own. The pronoun has the separated forms for gender, number and case. It can take the shortened form of the pronouns and by this it doesnt only have the semantic relation with the antecedent but it is also related by syntax to it. We can state that it has double connection with the antecedent. It is in the same case as the subordinate clause within the sentence.  [55]   For example: Ai e và «shtronte qiellin i cili à «shtà « nxire i tà «ri. Kosova ka arritur progrese tà « mà «dha gjatà « mandatit tuaj, pà «r tà « cilat ju dhe shteti juaj duhet tà « krenoheni. Kà «ngetarja e famshme botà «rore, e cila theu tà « gjitha rekordet botà «rore, tani vuan nga njà « sà «mundje e rà «ndà «. Autori shqiptar, i cili pà «r njà « kohà « tà « caktuar qà «ndroi nà « SHBA mblodhi shumà « adhurues mà «rgimtar. 3.1.4 Relative adverbs Similar to English, Albanian language also uses relative adverbs to introduce relative clause .The adverb that show place is ku, whether nga is used to show direction. Except these relative pronouns, in Albanian, we also use locution nga ku (from where) to express starting point but also pà «r ku to show the direction of the action, gjer ku that expresses the lasting point of the action. All these adverbs relate subordinate clause with the antecedent and they mark the place.  [56]  Other relative adverbs are kur, si and pà «rse which are used to show time, manner and reason. Vetura u ndal, nga doli njà « infermier. Ai ka shkuar nà « vedin ku ishte rritur. Ajo nuk e tha arsyen pà «rse deshironte tà « largohej. 3.2 Types of Relative Clauses in Albanian Language Similar to English Language, there are two types of Relative Clauses in Albanian Language: Restrictive and Non-Restrictive. (Alb. Pà «rcatore-kufizuese and pà «rcatore shtuese)  [57]   3.2.1 Restrictive Relative Clauses in Albanian Language In Albanian these clause are called pà «rcaktore-kufizuese. They cannot be removed or left out because the primary meaning would be vague or it would be changed.  [58]   Mà « pà «lqejnà « shumà « njà «rà «zit qà « punojnà « sistematikisht. Me pà «lqejnà « shumà « njà «rà «zit. If we compare these two sentences we can notice that in a) the speaker likes just the people that work systematically and in b), when we remove the relative clause the meaning is totally different, conveying that I like people, meaning all people. 3.2.2 Non-restrictive Relative Clauses in Albanian Language In Albanian these clauses are called pà «rcaktore-shtuese. They add or explain something and we can remove them without destroying the grammatical structure of the sentence.  [59]   Shpallja e Pavarsisà «, qe ishte dità « e madhe pà «r Shqipà «taret, do tà « mbahet nà « mend. Bjeshkà «t e Rugovà «s, qà « ndodhen nà « Qytetin e Pejes, janà « te bukura. In speaking, these relative clauses in Albanian, similar to English have a pause before and after it. They serve to add additional information to the main clause.  [60]   As we can notice from the examples in a) and b) the non-restrictive clauses in writing are separated by commas, similar to English non-restrictive Relative Clauses. 3.3 The order of Relative Clauses within the sentence in Albanian The position of relative clause in the sentence is determinated by the position of its antecedent.  [61]   3.3.1 The Relative Clause at the end of the Sentence When the antecedent of the relative clause is at the end of the sentence the relative clause comes after it.  [62]   Nuk ishte i rastit vendimi qà « aj tà « largohet. Na kishte gà «zuar lajmi qà « ajo do tà « kthehet. 3.3.2 The Relative Clause at the beginning and in the middle of the Sentence When the antecedent (Alb. Paraprijà «si) is at the beginning or in the middle of the main clause the subordinate relative clause is placed in the middle of it.  [63]   Vajza, qà « i mbate lulet nà « dorà «, qante nga gezimi i madh. Kà «nga e bukur, qe aty kà «ndohet, ka melodi tà « veqantà «. 3.4 Function of Relative clauses in Albanian Relative Clauses in Albanian can have different functions within the sentence. In sections below there are the examples that were compiled to prove and illustrate the function. 3.4.1 Relative Clause as Subject Relative Clauses can function as a subject of the main clause, here are but a few examples: Bisedimet qà « ishin tà « gjata dhe tà « lodhshme pà «rfunduan me sukses. Premtimet e juaja, qà « ishin shpresà «dhà «nà «se, nuk u pà «rmbushen. 3.4.2 Relative Clauses as Subject Complement Ata konisedorojnà « qà « fjalà «t e saja janà « trillim. 3.4.3 Relative Clause as Direct object Ata kishin degjuar qà « unà « do tà « bà «hem kryetar. Ata e kishin shkruar qà « kjo à «shtà « e và «rtetà «. 3.4.4 Indirect Object I dhash tà « gjitha atyre qà « kanà « pasur nevojà «. 3.4.5 Adjunct Aj vraponte aty ku askush nuk mund ta gjejà «. Sara e degjoj at lajmà « kur nuk ishte koha. 4. DIRECT CONTASTIVE ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND ITS EQUVALENTS IN ALBANIAN In this section a direct contrastive analysis of Relative Clauses in English and Albanian Language will be made. Examples of Relative Clauses will be extracted from the novel written by James Joyce  [64]  and will be contrasted with the Relative Clauses from the same novel translated by Idlir Azizi  [65]  . Examples will be marked by number and a small letter denoting the language English (e) or Albanian (a). This part is going to be focused on the structure of the relative clauses, furthermore on pronouns mentioned throughout the entire paper. Since it has been noticed that the difference between the relative Clauses in English and the same in Albanian is particularly that- the usage of some of the relative pronouns within the relative clause. 4.1 Relative Clauses preceded by the relative pronoun and its equivalent in Albanian In this section the examples of the relative clauses preceded by the relative pronoun wh-pronouns (who, which, what etc.) are going to be extracted from the same novel, of course from its English and Albanian translated form. 1e) By a woman who was no better than she should be. (p. 40) 1a) Nga njà « grua jo e mire qà « smund tà « ishte ndryshe. (p. 34) 2e) A merchant, Stephen said is one who buys cheap and sells dear, jew or gentile is he not? (p.41) 2a) Tregtari, tha Stiveni, à «shtà « ai qà « blen lirà « tà « shesà « shtrenjtà «, a sà «shtà « kà «shtu? (p. 35) 3e) But the courtiers who mocked Guido in Or san Michele were in their own house.(p.57) 3a) Por kurtizanà «t qà « thumbonin Guidon nà « Or shà «n Mikelà « ishin nà « shtà «pità « e tyre. (p. 47) 4e)